colonisation
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Africa's roads make the rich richer
Do politicians and presidents build roads to allow their citizens to get around, or is it primarily to make themselves richer?
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Lasting effects of colonial-era resource exploitation in Congo: Concessions, violence, and indirect rule
Concessions granted to private companies to extract natural resources still have negative effects on present-day development in the DRC
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Historical legacies and African development
The effect of colonisation on Africa’s modernisation is a highly contentious and emotional debate. The reality is trickier than you think.