Paul Collier, CBE, is a Professor of Economics and Public Policy at the Blavatnik School of Government at the University of Oxford, Professorial Fellow of St. Antony's College, and a Director of the International Growth Centre. From 1998 to 2003 he was the Director of the Development Research Group of the World Bank, and was the founding Director of the Centre for the Study of African Economies, in the Department of Economics at Oxford University, 1993-8 and 2003-12. He is the author of several books, including The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It, published in 2007, and his most recent book, entitled Exodus: Immigration and Multiculturalism in the 21st Century, published in 2013. His research covers growth in African economies, and the political economy of fragile states.