politicians

Emphasising the ability to support and assist one’s community through elected office encouraged ordinary citizens to run for office in Pakistan which improved subsequent policy outcomes

When voters receive payments, politicians are given greater leniency, and in turn steal more

Councilors who thought performance reports would be published before an election invested more in infrastructure, with positive impacts on re-election

Politicians in Pakistan provide patronage and are perceived as corrupt. Regime instability and incumbency disadvantage may explain their behaviour.