Cambodia’s extensive unilateral trade liberalisation following its accession to the WTO in 2004 led to physical, sexual, and psychological violence against women in districts where tariff reductions were more pronounced

China’s accession to WTO reduced trade policy uncertainty, spurred structural change towards manufacturing and services, and increased economic growth

Refugee inflows from Syria to Turkey led to the displacement of women in the labour force, but also reduced the risk of intimate partner violence

Increased schooling for girls in Turkey led to a rise in psychological violence, but also reduced the intergenerational transmission of violence