patronage

Politics and patronage exacerbate public sector absenteeism, limiting the efficacy of reform measures

Slum tenants face higher rents and lower investments when their landlord and chief share ethnicity, while gaining when their chief is a co-ethnic

Evidence from Brazil shows that patronage plays an important role in public sector hiring, adversely affecting the quality of the public workforce

Data on the British Empire show patronage in civil service appointments was a good system for those who got jobs but bad news for almost everyone else

Smartphone monitoring streamlined information flows and improved inspection rates at public clinics across Punjab